ASN Annual report 2024

Introduction	II
Editorial by the Commission	2
Editorial by the Director General	8
Notable events 2024	12
ASN Assessments	22
Regulatory News	32
Regional overview of nuclear safety and radiation protection	36
Ch 01 - Nuclear activities: ionising radiation and health and environmental risks	98
The state of knowledge of the hazards and risks associated with ionising radiation	101
The different sources of ionising radiation	104
Monitoring exposure to ionising radiation	107
Ch 02 - The principles of nuclear safety and radiation protection and the regulation and oversight stakeholders	120
The principles of nuclear safety and radiation protection	123
The oversight stakeholders	128
Financing the regulation of nuclear safety and radiation protection	143
Outlook	144
Ch 03 - Regulation of nuclear activities and exposure to ionising radiation	146
Verifying that the licensee assumes its responsibilities	149
Ensuring that regulation is proportionate to the implications	150
Performing efficient regulation and oversight	152
Monitoring the impact of nuclear activities and radioactivity in the environment	160
Inspections concerning counterfeit, falsifications and suspected fraud, and processing of reported cases	165
Inspection of the nuclear installations supply chain	167
Identifying and correcting deviations	168
Ch 04 - Radiological emergency and post‑accident situations	170
Planning ahead	173
ASN’s role in an emergency and post-accident situation	178
Learning from experience	179
Outlook	181
Ch 05 - Informing and involving the various audiences	182
Developing relations with the various audiences	185
Reinforcing the right to information and participation of the public	190
Ch 06 - International relations	194
ASN’s objectives regarding international relations	197
The European framework for ASN’s international relations	198
The multilateral framework for ASN’s international relations	201
International Conventions	203
The bilateral framework for ASN’s international relations	204
Outlook	207
Ch 07 - Medical uses of ionising radiation	208
Radiation protection and medical uses of ionising radiation	211
Nuclear-based medical activities	217
Synthesis and prospects	243
Ch 08 - Sources of ionising radiation and their industrial, veterinary and research applications	246
Industrial, research and veterinary uses of ionising radiation	249
The legislative and regulatory framework for industrial, research and veterinary activities	254
Assessment of the radiation protection situation in applications involving radiation risks in the industrial, research and veterinary sectors	261
Manufacturers and distributors of radioactive sources and their oversight by ASN	271
Conclusion and outlook	275
Ch 09 - Transport of radioactive substances	276
Radioactive substances traffic	279
Regulations governing the transport of radioactive substances	281
Roles and responsibilities in regulating the transport of radioactive substances	286
ASN action in the transport of radioactive substances	287
Ch 10 - The EDF Nuclear Power Plants	294
General information about Nuclear Power Plants	297
Monitoring the nuclear safety of the reactors in operation	301
Continued operation of the Nuclear Power Plants	318
Oversight of the Flamanville EPR reactor	322
Regulation and oversight of the EPR 2 reactors project	323
Ch 11 - The emergence of Small Modular Reactor projects	324
The Government’s call for project proposals	327
From power reactors to small modular reactors	327
Overview per technology of the small modular reactor projects being monitored by ASN and IRSN	328
Implementation of a framework of incremental technical exchanges with ASN and IRSN	329
New safety challenges and safety objectives to be adapted	330
The need for a vision incorporating the “fuel cycle”	331
Standardisation and international cooperation goals	331
Ch 12 - “Nuclear fuel cycle” facilities	332
The “fuel cycle”	336
ASN actions in the field of “fuel cycle” facilities: a graded approach	341
Ch 13 - Nuclear research and miscellaneous industrial facilities	342
Research facilities, laboratories and other facilities in France	345
ASN actions in the field of research facilities: a graded approach	348
Ch 14 - Decommissioning of Basic Nuclear Installations	350
Technical and legal framework for decommissioning	353
Situation of nuclear facilities undergoing decommissioning: specific challenges	357
ASN actions related to facilities being decommissioned: a graded approach	367
Assessment of the licensees’ decommissioning strategies	367
Appendix: List of Basic Nuclear Installations undergoing decommissioning or delicensed as at 31 December 2024	369
Ch 15 - Radioactive waste and contaminated sites and soils	372
Radioactive waste	375
Nuclear safety in waste management support facilities, role of ASN and waste management strategies of the major nuclear licensees	385
Management of mining residues and mining waste rock from former uranium mines	389
Management of sites and soils contaminated by radioactive substances	390
Appendix - Overview of Basic Nuclear Installations as at 31 December 2024	392

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