of liquid and gaseous effluents, whether radioactive or not, are strictly limited (see chapter 3). 2.2.2 Transport of radioactive substances When transporting radioactive substances, the main risks are those of internal or external exposure, of criticality, and risks of a chemical nature. Safe transport of radioactive substances relies on an approach called “Defence in Depth”: ∙The robustness of the packaging is the first line of defence. The packaging plays an essential role and must withstand the conceivable transport conditions and the effects of accidents that could occur. ∙The reliability of the transport operations constitutes the second line of defence. ∙Finally, the third line of defence is the means of response implemented in the event of an incident or accident. 2.2.3 Small-scale nuclear activities Ionising radiation, whether emitted by radionuclides or generated by electrical equipment, is used in many areas, including medicine (radiology, radiotherapy, nuclear medicine and Fluoroscopy-Guided Interventional Practices – FGIPs), biology, research, industry, but also in veterinary applications, the sterilisation of numerous products, and the conservation of foodstuffs. The employer is required to take all necessary measures to protect workers against the hazards of ionising radiation. The facility licensee must also implement the provisions of the Public Health Code for the management of the ionising radiation sources in its possession (radioactive sources in particular) and, where applicable, manage the waste produced and limit discharges of liquid and gaseous effluents. In the case of use for medical purposes, patient protection issues are also taken into account. 2.2.4 Radioactive waste management Like all industrial activities, nuclear activities can generate waste, some of which is radioactive. The three fundamental principles on which strict radioactive waste management is based are the accountability of the waste producer, the traceability of the waste and informing the public. The technical management provisions to be implemented must be tailored to the hazard presented by the radioactive waste. This hazard can be assessed primarily through two parameters: the activity level, which contributes to the toxicity of the waste, and the half-life, the time after which the activity level is halved. Radon potential zones in metropolitan France defined by the Order of 27 June 2018 Source: IRSN. Zones with low radon potential Zones with low radon potential but in which specific geological factors can facilitate radon transfer to buildings Zones with significant radon potential Radon potential zones defined according to the radon exhalation fluxes from the ground: 106 ASN Report on the state of nuclear safety and radiation protection in France in 2024 Nuclear activities: ionising radiation and health and environmental risks
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